* The Brand Wars Are Coming, The Brand Wars Are Coming!

How to defend your brands on the Internet.

By Erik J. Heels

First published 7/1/2007; Law Practice magazine, “nothing.but.net” column; American Bar Association

In 1997, if you had a domain name and a registered trademark for your brand, you were in good shape. In 2007, it takes more to protect your brand on the Internet, because the definition of “brand” has expanded to include things that aren’t necessarily trademarkable (such as the names of your key personnel) and because your brand is at risk from being used (and abused) by cybersquatters and others in ways that weren’t foreseeable a decade ago.

Theoden: “I will not risk open war.”
Aragorn: “Open war is upon you whether you would risk it or not.”
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers

Your brands are under attack. The attack has been underway for years. It is about to erupt into a full-scale brand war. Now is the time to act. Here are some steps you can take to protect your brands.

Step 1: Know Your Brands

You are your brands. According to a brand survey by New York branding consultancy Landor, the top brands for 2006 were as follows:

  1. Google
  2. Las Vegas
  3. iPod
  4. YouTube
  5. eBay
  6. Yahoo!
  7. Target
  8. Oprah Winfrey
  9. Sony
  10. NFL

Brands, in the Internet age, are more than product and service offerings. As you can see from the above list, they include company names, destinations, sports leagues, and people. Your brands are whatever the public uses to identify you. But the survey is not perfect. I would argue that the top brands include not “Las Vegas” but “Vegas,” not “Yahoo!” but “Yahoo,” not “Oprah Winfrey” but “Oprah.” At least not exclusively. If your brand is two words (“Oprah Winfrey”), then your brand portfolio may also include each of the words individually (“Oprah” and “Winfrey”).

How do people find you? What do they call you? What are the names of your products and services? Your company? Your key people? These are your brands. You are your brands. Know your brands.

Step 2: Register Your Brands As Top-Level Domain Names

You should register your brands as domain names in all of the generic Top Level Domains (gTLDs) (including .com, .net, .org, .biz, .info, .us, and .ws). Registering multiple domains is cheap insurance to protect against possible confusing or infringing use. Also, you should register domains in the name of your company using the exact same contact information for each domain.

Step 3: Register Your Brands As Country-Specific Domain Names

Do you have offices, employees, or clients in more than one country? Or are you planning to? If so, then you should register domain names in those countries as well. There are many country domain names, with different rules for who qualifies as a domain name registrant. Some country domains, such as Tonga’s “.to” are the functional equivalent of gTLDs, with registration open to all. Others, such as the European Community’s “.eu,” have more strict requirements about who qualifies as a registrant.

Step 4: Register Misspelled Domain Names

The longer a domain name, the more ways there are to misspell it. A five-letter domain name has about 100 common misspellings. Misspellings occur primarily in three ways: (1) a user mistypes your domain name, (2) a user mishears your domain name and thinks it’s spelled differently, and (3) cybersquatters, typosquatters, and phishers register look-alike domain names in an attempt to confuse users.

  • An example of a typo domain name is www.amazon.com (correct) vs. www.amaxon.com (“x” substituted for “z” – adjacent keys on a QWERTY keyboard). “Sticky key” typos are also in this category, such as www.amazonn.com (two “Ns”) as are omitted characters such as wwwamazon.com (missing the first dot). Amazon owns all of the misspelled domain names mentioned in this paragraph.
  • An example of a misheard domain name is Ohio’s Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment Corporation, which had the misfortunate (or fortunate, depending how you look at it) website www.utube.com. Then YouTube launched its video sharing service at www.youtube.com, and when Google purchased YouTube for $1.65 billion in October 2006, traffic to www.utube.com skyrocketed. YouTube ended up purchasing the utube.com domain name for $29 million, and I think the domain name was worth more than that.
  • An example of a look-alike domain name is G00GLE.COM (with zeros where the letter “Os” should be). You can imagine how banks and other financial institutions could be targets of phishing schemes involving look-alike domain names.

It’s no longer sufficient to register generic domain names and country domain names. If you are serious about protecting your brands, then you also need to register misspelled domain names. Since the cybersquatters, typosquatters, and phishers already know how to pick “good” misspelled domain names, DomainTools released its Domain Typo Generator tool to level the playing field for webmasters. Of course, the Domain Typo Generator can be used for good or evil, so now that it exists, it’s even more important for brand owners to use it.

Step 5: Monitor Your Domain Names

It’s not enough to register your domain names, you have to monitor them as well. Monitoring services, such as the Mark Alert service from DomainTools, will help you find misspelled domain names, parody and commentary domain names (such as www.walmartsucks.org), and any misspelled domain names that you might have missed. You also need to keep your existing domain name registrations current, as Microsoft foolishly failed to do by letting MSNHotmail.com expire, because expired domains will get snapped up by cybersquatters when they expire.

Step 6: Register and Monitor Third-Party URLs

Many popular web services, including MySpace, FeedBurner, and BlogSpot, allow users to choose brandable URLs, which could include your brands. Because these services are highly ranked by Google, you could find your brands in highly ranked search results in URLs that are not under your control. For example, you’ll see that www.myspace.com/google is not under the control of Google, feeds.feedburner.com/pepsi is not under the control of Pepsi, and ipod.blogspot.com is not under the control of Apple. According to MySpace’s terms and conditions, accounts may not be transferred or sold, but there is an arbitration provision in case of disputes. If MySpace accounts were transferable, then you would see more brand cybersquatting on MySpace. And because dispute resolution policies are in place, Barack Obama was able to gain control of a MySpace page that was using his name (www.myspace.com/barackobama).

Step 7: Buy Keywords On Google And Yahoo

Like it or not, the courts have ruled that competitors can purchase each other’s keywords on paid search services such as Google AdWords and Yahoo Search Marketing (formerly Overture). Yahoo’s policy states:

“Advertisers sometimes bid on search terms that are the trademarks of others. For bids on search terms in Yahoo! Search Marketing’s Sponsored Search service, Yahoo! Search Marketing (formerly Overture Services, Inc.) requires advertisers to agree that their search terms, their listing titles and descriptions, and the content of their Web sites do not violate the trademark rights of others.”

In contrast, Google’s policy states:

“As a provider of space for advertisements, please note that Google is not in a position to arbitrate trademark disputes between the advertisers and trademark owners. As stated in our Terms and Conditions, the advertisers themselves are responsible for the keywords and ad content that they choose to use.”

In short, Google lets you bid on competitors’ trademarks as keywords, and Yahoo does not, but there are likely brands as keywords on all of the PPC search engines. Google is number one for a reason, and so far the courts have backed them up. What is it worth to you for your website to be found when people search for your brands? What percentage of your web traffic comes from search engines (dominated by keywords) vs. direct access (dominate by domain names)? Analyze your website statistics, and you’ll likely conclude that you have no option but to purchase your own brands as keywords.

Step 8: Don’t Game Google

Don’t think that you can use search engine optimization (SEO) or other tricks alone to improve your standing with Google. If you try to trick Google, then you run the risk of having your organic search results demoted (graylisting) or removed entirely (blacklisting). So if Google says that paying for other sites to link to your site is bad, then you may have to listen, at least until a viable competitor to Google steps up to the plate.

Step 9: Monitor Websites

Keeping track of your own websites – and those of your competitors – is a process, not an event. You need to keep track of what brands are being marketed by whom and how. There are some web-based services that allow you to track URLs and get email updates, but all of those that I have tried stink. For Windows, the best monitoring program is Website-Watcher by Martin Aignesberger, and a good starter program (without email notifications) is UpdatePatrol (formerly DeltaSpy) by Bitberry Software. For the Macintosh, you can try Subscriber 1.1 (OS X) and Changes Meter 1.3 (OS X).

Step 10: Register Your Trademarks

The basic rule for trademarks is that you should use what you register and register what you use. I put trademark registration nearly last on this list, because while it is important, it should be only one part of your overall brand protection strategy. And in the coming brand wars, having a registered trademark certainly helps. Trademark owners prevail in the majority of Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP) arbitration proceedings, and the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA) allows trademark owners to bring a civil action. But you can register 100 domain names for the cost of the filing fees for one UDRP proceeding.

And what is a trademark? It is anything that you use to identify your products and services with your company, including your company name, product names, service names, logos, taglines, sounds, colors, domain names, and some things that the USPTO hasn’t yet encountered. For example, now that web content is distributed via blogs and feeds, favicons become important for branding syndicated content. Is a favicon (the “favorite icon” favicon.ico file that appears in the menu bar, bookmark window, and elsewhere) a trademark? I think that it is. Clock Tower Law Group recently filed what I believe to be the first favicon trademark application.

Step 11: Ignore The Box, There Is No Box

In the coming brand wars, it is not enough to think outside of the box, because there is no box. Just when you think you’ve got everything figured out, the rules change, and more issues arise. The only way to keep up is to keep up. Here are some other issues to consider:

  1. ICANN is planning to introduce more generic domain names. Trademark owners should be prepared to register new domain names for all of their brands.
  2. Domain tasting allows cybersquatters to test domain names for five days. Domain tasting should be banned, and it might be banned.
  3. Misspelled domain names are often sold at domain auctions. It may be cheaper to purchase your cybersquatted domain names than to fight to get them back. Or maybe you can stop the auction from happening.
  4. Domain name research equals domain intelligence. Many people are monitoring domain name registrations to get advance notice of new products. If you want to keep a product launch secret until it launches, then you will need to be clever about how your register your domain names (using non-company DNS servers and taking advantage of private or proxy registrations).
  5. Search engine arbitrage makes pay-per-click (PPC) advertising more difficult for small companies. When someone engages in search engine arbitrage, they are taking advantage of a value gap for certain keywords, sending traffic for those keywords to their own sites, where they then place other ads. The presence of search engine arbitrage makes PPC campaign bargains hard to find, and it makes managing PPC campaigns for small companies more difficult. You should consider outsourcing your PPC campaigns to a company familiar with search engine arbitrage and related issues.
  6. Add your brands as meta tags on your website, because the courts say that your competitors can do likewise.
  7. Consider getting a vanity phone number for your brand.
  8. Google bombing can temporarily promote your website. Whether you like it or not. Another reason to monitor Google (and other search engines) daily. Compare “miserable failure” and “greatest living American.”
  9. JavaScript-enabled hidden links add more confusion to the search landscape.
  10. Be virtual. Your brands may be in use in virtual worlds such as Second Life by Linden Research.

Summary: Register, Monitor, Trademark, Repeat

I have been thinking about this article for months. Every time I tried to complete this article, it needed to be updated with some new development. By the time you read this, about two more months will have passed, and this article will again need updating. In other words, new issues are appearing almost daily.

To paraphrase Aragorn, the brand wars are upon you. Ride out and meet them. For your brands. For your company.

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7 Replies to “* The Brand Wars Are Coming, The Brand Wars Are Coming!”

  1. Came across your site and your supremely helpful tips and tricks while researching copyright and domain names stuff. Thanks for your work! I’m sure there are a lot of us amateurs out there who could use some guidance.

    I have been contacted recently by some company in Hong Kong with a string of single sentence email that they want to buy my domain. I told them no. It’s not because I want them to pay more, but because I build this site based on my moniker years ago. (There can only be one OakMonster, don’t you know!) And then they pulled the “you know I can take this from you when I register a trademark in your country”. The patronizing doesn’t work well with me.

    And lucky for me, I am willing to file trademark paperwork to protect “my brand”. I’m not sure if I’m too late though. But since the guy just now started his company/website, I think I might just get to keep my site.

    Who knew, my nickname would one day becomes something someone wants as a domain!

    Anyways. Just want to drop a line. And thanks again for all the info.

  2. I am helping out a friend on setting up criteria as to when they should register a trademark. They are a charity and receive multiple requests from internal event staff to register different events names “Bike Day”, “golf for >>>. Any advice would be appreciated.

  3. Greetings Michael,

    SEO is a trick. PR is a trick. Law is a trick. In every trade, there are “tricks of the trade” that the practitioners apply.

    Agreed that most people cannot practice search engine optimization. And probably not as well as SEO companies. Just like most people cannot practice patent and trademark law as well as most patent and trademark lawyers.

    Agreed that legitimate SEO done legitimately can improve your visibility in Google. But I never said that SEO was about buying links. I said that “if Google says that paying for other sites to link to your site is bad, then you may have to listen, at least until a viable competitor to Google steps up to the plate.”

    Thanks for reading.

    Regards,
    Erik

  4. SEO is definitely not a trick.

    “Tricks of the trade” don’t last long in SEO. The search engines see to that.

    Most people cannot practice search engine optimization (for lack of time and training), most people who try to optimize for search engines don’t do it well, and it really takes a lot of time, research, and effort. There is a lot going on with search engines that you don’t learn about in Forbes and Newsweek.

    You can definitely use search engine optimization to improve your visibility in Google. That is what search engine optimization is all about, after all. But SEO is not about links. It’s definitely not about buying links.

  5. Greetings Michael,

    I never equated SEO with “gaming Google.” I said, “Don’t think that you can use search engine optimization (SEO) or other tricks alone to improve your standing with Google.” (Emphasis added.)

    SEO is a trick. Just like good PR is a trick. There are good PR firms, and there are good SEO firms. That’s why the expression “tricks of the trade” exists. Because those with experience in a particular filed know what acts to perform to produce results. Whether the acts are legitimate or illegitimate does not change the fact that they are all “tricks.”

    For the record, I agree that there are good SEO firms. But I’ve never found one. At least not one that caters to a small firm like mine.

    Regards,
    Erik

  6. You’re confusing “search engine optimization” with “gaming Google”. The two are not the same thing. Optimizing a Web site for search has nothing to do with deceiving either the search engine or its users. Basic optimization emphasizes the creation of value (as you do with your blog posts).

    Unfortunately, search engines CAN be gamed and some people who learn the basic skills of search engine optimization apply those skills toward “gaming Google” and Yahoo! and Live Search and even Ask. SEO is no different from any other profession where you have your good guys and not-so-good guys.

    Search engine optimization is not about buying links, trading links, or building links. It’s about helping search engines understand what your content is relevant to. Advanced SEO does get into building a marketing program that embraces research, testing, development, and buildout of resources.

    There is no “gaming” involved. It’s an exhaustive, time-consuming, resource-intensive process that — when done properly — usually produces spectacular results for Web sites that are buried deep in search results pages. A good SEO campaign enhances your online marketing strategy.

    With respect to search reputation, most SEOs aren’t ready to take on the challenge but those who are making the effort do strive to practice good ethics. I wouldn’t take that away from them with a cheap shot about “gaming Google”. You really shouldn’t, either.

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